By
Imam Wahbah Az-Zuḥaylī, may Allah have mercy on him
Linguistically,
ḍarūrah, as Al-Jurjānī has said in his Taʿrīfāt, is derived from
the word ḍarar[1],
and it is something that befalls one and cannot be repelled.
Terminologically,
it has many approximate meanings, including what has been stated by Al-Jaṣāṣ,
Abū Bakr Ar-Rāzī: ‘It is fear of harm or the destruction of oneself or some of
one’s limbs as a result of not eating.’[2]
There
is also the expression of some contemporaries: ‘A ḍarūrah is more difficult to repel
than a ḥājjah, for a ḍarūrah is that which if one goes against it
the consequence is danger, such as being forced to seek refuge and fearing that
one will die of starvation. It is not a condition that destruction[3]
be realised by refraining from that which is prohibited. Rather, it suffices
that refraining would lead to unbearable weakness, or some harm to one’s
health.’[4]
The
outward purport of this definition of ḍarūrah is heading towards the
necessity of food and medicine, and other things can be analogically deduced from
that. Its general rule is that it is everything that would lead to harm or
danger to one’s person if one were to go against it, and so forth, and could
possibly lead to destruction.
As
for ḥājjah, it is more general than ḍarūrah, and it is that which
if not responded to will lead to distress and difficulty, or some hardship or
adversity that will not lead to destruction.
As
for maṣlaḥah, it is the benefit that the Wise Lawgiver intends for His
slaves by preserving their Dīn, their lives, their intellects, their
lineage and their wealth according to a specific sequence that they have in
relation to one another.[5]
The
difference between ḍarūrah and ḥājjah is from two angles:
The
first is that ḍarūrah is based on an action that must
be done in order for one to fulfill their responsibility, and a person simply
can’t leave it off. As for ḥājjah, it is based on expansion and
facilitation with regards to something that a person can leave off.
Thus,
the furnishing of man’s needs falls under the category of ḍarūrah, such
as clothing, shelter and refuge are from necessities (ḍarūrīyāt). Thus, the guardian of a minor
must fulfill these needs for him, even if he has to sell real estate belonging
to the minor. As for getting the minor married or teaching him, these merely
fall under ḥājjah, and as a result of that, the Ḥānafīs hold that
marrying off a young girl can only be done by means of the father or the
grandfather and with a dowry that is similar to that of other women like her
and she is married to someone who is suitable.
The
second is that the exceptional rulings that are affirmed by ḍarūrah
are by and large rulings of temporary permissibility for something that is
forbidden and its prohibition in the Revealed Law is clear and text-based.[6]
As for the rulings that are based on ḥājjah,
in most cases they do not contradict a clear text. Rather, most of the rulings
of the Revealed Law that are found in their regard contradict analogy[7],
due to them being based on ḥājjah. Thus, they contradict general
principles as opposed to a text, and in most cases the ruling is fixed therein
and it bears the attribute of permanence and constancy. The one in need
benefits from it as well as others.
The
rulings that are established for ḥājjah can be like the rulings that are
established for ḍarūrah and thus temporarily permit something that is
forbidden and contradict the forbidding text, such as instances of special ḥājjah
that fall under the category of ḍarūrah.
[Translated
from Qaḍāyā Al-Fiqh wa Al-Fikr Al-Muʿāṣir (Damascus: Dar Al-Fikr, 2008)
v.2, p.100-101]
[This translation is now available from the English Naseem al-Sham site]
Related Posts:
The Objectives of the Revealed Law
[1] (tn): i.e. harm
[2] Aḥkām Al-Qurʿān, 1/150 and what follows. See also Kashf
Al-Asrār by Al-Bazdawī, 4/1518, Al-Qawānīn Al-Fiqhiyya by Ibn Juzay,
p.173, Ash-Sharḥ Al-Kabīr by Ad-Dardīr, 2/115, Qawāʾid Az-Zarkashī (Al-Manthūr fī Tartīb Al-Qawāʾīd
Al-Fiqhiyya) manuscript 137, no.8543, Al-Maktaba Az-Ẓāhiriyya in Damasus, Al-Mughnī
8/595, Mughnī Al-Muḥtāj 4/306
[3] (tn): i.e. death
[4] Al-Madkhāl Al-Fiqhī Al-ʿĀm by Ustādh, Ash-Sheikh Muṣṭafā Az-Zarqāʾ:
f.600, 603
[5] Al-Maḥṣūl by Ar-Rāzī, p.194, and Al-Mustaṣfā
by Al-Ghazāli, 1/139
[6]
(tn): i.e. in the Book and Sunnah
[7] Ar. qiyās
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